Table 4 Key drivers, mechanisms, governance factors and actors of economic upgrading in GCVC
Type of economic upgrading | Key driver | Incentives | Key actors for key driver and incentives | Governance factors | Key actor (s) for governance factor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Process upgrading | Increased yield | Support services such as financial support, skill development, training and capacity building | Lead firms; COCOBOD; LBCs | Price regulation and policy | COCOBOD |
Controlling opportunistic behavior | LBCs | ||||
Product upgrading | Premium payment | Compliance to certification standards; market supply and demand; support services | Lead firms; LBCs; farmer cooperatives | Transparency in quantity of certified beans sold and bought | Lead firms; LBCs |
Premium amount and premium distribution | Lead firms; LBCs; Farmer cooperatives |